Compromise of 1877

AP US History Even though compromises and agreements look straight forward, the parties involved usually have ulterior motives. The Compromise of 1877 was consisted of a few main point. It called for the withdrawal of all federal troops from the South, supported internal improvements in the South and promised to appoint at least one Southerner to the cabinet. Also it gave conservative Southern Democrats some control over their local patronage and gave the South a free hand in race relations. Many may have seen these details as a way to mend the country back together, however it was really just a despicable plan.Although the Compromise of 1877 was successful in burying sectional tensions, in reality, it was a cynical political deal because it was a fraudulent election, white conservatives maintained power, and blacks became disenfranchised. During the election of 1876, political improprieties between Tilden and Hayes caused tensions between the two parties. The Republicans thought the y could once again use the tactic and political stand of â€Å"waving the bloody shirt,† which had secured their victories for the past two presidential elections.Unfortunately for the Republicans, American voters had forgotten the Civil War already, and Tilden won the popular vote over Hayes and led the electoral vote 184 to 165. The winner was not decided yet because 20 votes were disputed by the Republican governments in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. Resulting from the miscommunication and corruption on both sides of the ticket, Congress had to form a special commission comprised of 5 members from the Senate, House, and Supreme Court. It was decided that exactly seven Democrats, seven Republicans, and one Independent would be allowed, to keep the commission neutral.The Republicans, desperate for a win, devised a plan to have the only independent justice on the bench elected into the Senate by his state’s legislature. When he resigned to assume his new posi tion, all of the remaining justices were Republicans. The vote came in with the Republican’s winning by one vote, meaning all 20 remaining electoral votes were given to Hayes. This scheme cause turmoil between citizens, and it proved that the government would do whatever it could to get what they wanted, even if it meant a scam.Also, the Compromise of 1877 was just a way for white, male conservatives to stay in power. By writing this Compromise, these powerful, WASP men were able to get what they wanted in addition to satisfying the needs of the other party. After all was said and done, the Republicans received the White House, and in return, the Democrats were awarded a spot in Hayes’ cabinet and the removal of federal troops from the south. With both parties temporarily happy, they silently agreed to ignore the rising problem of southern blacks.Both parties sacrificed blacks as they challenged the racial system. The ability for the white conservatives to maintain pow er while manipulating the political system demonstrates that this election was another derisive move by conservatives. Finally, with the Compromise, the blacks became disenfranchised. After the Democrats failed to fight for the rights of the blacks, they were just left out in the dust. The government implemented literacy requirements and poll taxes so that they could prevent them from voting.They also developed the system of tenant farming and share cropping, which significantly decreased their salary and they plunged into economic poverty. They introduced legal systems of racial segregation and it made living for these people harsh, cruel, and near impossible. Finally, there was a significant rise of mob lynchings. This was due to the blacks who decided to challenge the racial system. All of these examples show how the blacks were put down in order to keep them out of the way, and they just became another ordeal in the political deal.In conclusion, the Compromise of 1877 was a cyni cal political deal and was unsuccessful in burying sectional tensions. Between the election fraud, the stronghold of conservatives maintaining power, and the blacks being sunk down back to the bottom, the Compromise was a negative for the country all in all. Many thought it was a positive and could mend us back together, but we eventually found its faults. â€Å"After nearly four months of angry uncertainty, filled with blatant fraud, violence, and fears of renewed civil war, the nation finally†¦ (Morris Jr. 15)† found its ulterior motive and tricked a nation.

Consideration is the essential element Essay

Introduction 1 According to Lord Pollock’s definition of consideration which is an act or forbearance of one party, or the promise thereof, is the price for which the promise of the other is bought and the promise thus given for value is enforceable.2 Besides that, consideration must be something of value given or promised in exchange for the promise given by the other party in order for a valid contract to be formed.3 The term â€Å"something of value† can be defined as a payment, an act or services, an object or giving up legal right. There are certain rules of consideration that have been established in the precedent case. The first rule of consideration is it will only exist when a contract is to be enforceable.4 Secondly, a good consideration can be done in the present and future but not the past.5 A consideration can be done even though the promisor has no knowledge of it.6 The fourth rule of consideration is it does not have to be adequate or commercially realistic.7 Also, consideration must be tangible and cannot be too vague. 8 Lastly, consideration must be legally sufficient in the eye of the law.9 The objective of this research essay is to discuss and explain the rule of the consideration which is consideration does not have to be adequate or commercially realistic but it has to be sufficient and how these legal concepts relate to the cases. Thus, this research essay also discusses whether Australia contract law should provide greater clarity about what is sufficient consideration. Consideration can be Nominal It is one of the rules of consideration where consideration does not have to be adequate or commercially realistic.10 This rule simply means that the price in return does not have to be right.11 Thus, court will not look into whether the price is adequate or not, as long as some price is paid, the court will not look further about it. Even though it is a very low price or a nominal price is paid or promised, the price might be a price in name only. The case of Thomas v Thomas12is often cited on this rule. In the case of Thomas v Thomas where Thomas was ill and he had made a will but had made no provision for his wife’s residence after his death. He called his executor and requested that when he died his wife could live in his house until her demise. The executor agreed and later drew up an agreement with  the Thomas’s wife. She was requires to pay $ 1.00 per year to stay in the house until she died. The court held that, any amount of money is enough to support a contract even though the price that requires to paid was only a nominal price. Thus, the court will not look behind the price as long as a price is paid or promised. Through the case of Thomas v Thomas, it shows that any some of money even it is small or nominal, it will constitute good consideration for a contract.13 Besides that, the court are not involved in the price detailed for two reason which the first is the â€Å"freedom of contract† principle applies and the second reason is that the case wouldn’t end if the court did look into more detail of the price to be paid.14 Furthermore, consideration does not only express in currency terms, it can also be anything valuable. This concept has been stated in the case of Chappell & Co v Nestle Co Ltd.15 In the case of Chappell & Co v Nestle Co Ltd, Nestle want to promote their sale of the chocolate, they offered recorded music to the public for the sterling equivalent of 15 cents, but buyers had to also send in the wallpaper from three 5 cents chocolate bar. Where, Chappell owned the copyright of one of tunes in the free record so they charge Nestle 6.25% of the retail selling price. Chappell claimed revenue of 6.25% of the record price plus the value of three chocolate bar wrappers. The court held that the empty wrappers were part of revenue collected. The fact that the empty wrappers have no intrinsic value to Nestle was irrelevant. Thus, the consideration for the free record was the money plus the value of three chocolate bars wrappers. As we can see from the case of Chappell & Co v Nestle Co Ltd, the chocolate bars wrappers would have constituted sufficient consideration in the eye of the law.16 Therefore, consideration does not only express in money term, it can also be anything that is valuable. Consideration must be tangible This is another rule of consideration where it must not be too vague or indefinite.17 Consideration must be tangible but not nebulous.18 This has been shown in the case of White v Bluett.19 In White v Bluett, a son  borrowed money from his father and signed a â€Å"promissory note† to prove the debt. He notices that similar loans were made by his father to his brother without a note having been signed. He harassed his father, and his father told him that he would forgive the repayment of debt if the son ceases the harassment. After the father died, the administrator of the estate found out the note and sued the son but the son argued that the debt had been forgiven in consideration of his undertaking to cease harassment. The court held that there is no consideration as the promise was too vague to have legally recognized value. From the case of White v Bluett, it shown that if a promise is relied on as consideration is too vague and indefinite that the courts will not enforced it and it will not constitute consideration.20 Consideration must be Legally Sufficient This rule simply mean that consideration must be sufficient and it must have a legally value recognised value.21 Thus, a mere moral obligation or the natural love and affection do not deliver sufficient consideration.22 This has been shown in the case of Eastwood v Kenyon.23 In this case, as a guardian, Eastwood had incurred many expenses for the girl. 24 As an adult, the girl and her husband Kenyon promised to pay Eastwood.25 At the end, they refuse to pay back then Kenyon was sued upon this promise. Therefore, the situation show that such a moral obligation is not a consideration.26 Besides that, in general rule a promise to perform an existing obligation is not a sufficient consideration as it promises no more than what that party already bound to do.27The rule expresses the concept of illusory consideration. Thus, when there is a promise not to sue, or when there is an abandon to a claim, it can be a sufficient consideration. This has been shown in the case of Wigan v Edward28. Where the court decision is that, given that the buyer honestly believed that they do not need to settle unless he rectified the defects, the compromise of that belief provided good consideration for the builder’s promise.29 Furthermore, performing an obligation under a pre-existing contract is not a good consideration for a new promise for extra payment unless the performance of the obligation requires additional tasks to be completed or  involves providing additional practical benefit to the promisor.30 The additional practical benefit is an exception to the rule that a promise to carry out a pre-existing duty may create valid consideration. This has been show in the case of Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors).31 In Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls, Roffey were a firm of builders contracted to renovate a block of flats. Their own contract contained a penalty clause for late completion, so it was in their interest to finish the work in time. Part of this work they sub-contracted to Williams. As work progressed, Williams fell behind schedule because, they claimed, they had not set an adequate price for the work. They negotiated a new deal with Roffey that an additional sum was to be pay on the completion of each building. When the next building was complete, Roffey refused to pay. The court held that, there was consideration in this case as the new agreement conferred additional practical benefit on Roffey, in particular an early completion would allow them to avoid the exercise of the penalty clause. As we can see from the case of Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls, a promise to perform an existing contractual duty does not provide valuable consideration but the case show that Roffey had provide additional practical benefit and then consideration exist. Conclusion In conclusion, consideration must be of sufficient value in the eye of law and it must be something that identifiable and tangible. Thus, it does not have to be commercially adequate to the promise as the parties are free to make their own bargains and the court will not get involve into the commercial adequacy.32 Therefore, Australia Contract Law should not provide greater clarity as it is a sufficient consideration.

Analysis Of The Market For Kids Apparel Marketing Essay

Analysis Of The Market For Kids Apparel Marketing Essay Popular culture is no longer regional. The advent of cable television, syndicated radio programs, and the Internet has created a world where a fashion statement in New York will be on the streets in a small mid-western town in a matter days. The speed of our telecommunication system has increased young customers’ expectations and demands for products that represent their own cultural statement. This clothing store business plan details how Smoke Jumpers will offer young customers the youth-oriented products and clothing that are popular in large urban areas but not available locally. The target customer is â€Å"Generation Y,† age 11-18, who listens to alternative music, participates in youth sports like skateboarding and snowboarding, and looks toward alternative clothing trends in large urban areas for inspiration. Smoke Jumpers will provide the distinctive clothing, shoes and products that are just ahead of the fashion curve. Introduction Good times for the Indian k ids’ apparel market are in the offing. The evolution in the buying behavior of children, and their influence over their parents results in a big difference in purchase decisions. Media exposures and promotions also cause a significant influence in the market. Evolving dynamics in this market have made it necessary for the manufacturers and retailers to evolve their business strategies’ in order to sustain themselves in the market. Many manufacturers come up with their own brands, while some others enter into business through joint ventures. Today’s kids are more fashion conscious, and are ready to experiment with clothing. Increase in the amount of disposable income, and retail blitz has brought a sea change in the Indian kids apparel market. With kidswear being considered as a part of the lifestyle segment and a strong emphasis is being placed on brands, this segment proves to be a potential business Objective of Feasibility study Products SmokeJumpers will off er young customers the following youth-oriented products and clothing: Shoes Jackets Sweaters Shirts Pants Bags Hats T-shirts Dresses and skirts Shorts Kids Wear Industry/Market Analysis Market for kids’ apparel is the fastest growing industry in India. Manufacturers are coming up with fancy materials targeting kids who are more interested in the upcoming fashion trends. Children’s garments are available in various forms and designs. Kids’ apparel market is more unorganized than any other segment of apparels. The market is a proposition of the good, bad and the ugly. A huge volume of kids’ apparel in India is being dominated by local and unorganized players. This gives an excellent opportunity for the organized players to lay a strong foundation in this segment. Indian market is now moving towards an international look in terms of children’s apparel. Cotton plays a major role in the clothing of children. Approximately, 86% of the kidswear are of co tton. Branded kids apparel market is in its nascent stage in India with a handful of national and international brands. Industry analyst estimate that market size of branded kidswear in India including brands like Ruff Kids, Ruff Baby, Planet Kids, Gini & Jony, ZAPP, Li’l Tomatoes, and Weekender Kids is estimated to be around Rs 1,000 Crore. They positively assert that branded market for kids is growing at 15% per annum. International brands including Barbie, Mothercare, Benetton Kids, Pepe, Lee Kids, Tommy Hilfiger, and Adams Kids have also entered the Indian market.

The Principles of Sustainable Development Research Paper

The Principles of Sustainable Development - Research Paper Example Based on this definition, we are able to see sustainable development as a system that is able to connect time and space. By thinking of the world as a system that affects space, we are able to understand that air pollution in North Africa, has the capability of affecting the quality of air found in Asia, etc. Furthermore, by thinking of the world as a system that affects time, we are able to understand that our present activities will definitely have an impact on how the future generations live (Watts, 2013). The principles of sustainable development are therefore rooted in these concepts of system thinking. Sustainable development helps us to understand the world we live in, its environment, and how our activities are able to affect the environment, and how we can handle these activities for purposes of conserving the environment (Nemeth, 2012). Based on these facts, there are seven major principles of sustainable development. One important principle is the integration of economic and environmental decisions. According to this principle, the economic decisions that are made must reflect the consequences that these decisions would have, on the environment, health and social well being of the society. This, therefore, means that any economic decision that the government enacts should not have the capability of affecting the environment. For example, there is a debate on whether the United States should drill oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Proponents argue that oil drilling would improve the economy of United States, while those against oil drilling denote that, drilling of oil would destroy the environment (Scherer, 2009).  Ã‚  

Starwood Group of Hotels and Resorts Marketing Plan Essay

Starwood Group of Hotels and Resorts Marketing Plan - Essay Example The essay "Starwood Group of Hotels and Resorts Marketing Plan" aims at analyzing the profile of "Starwood group of Hotels and Resorts" company and recommending a one-year marketing plan for the company to improve the revenues and current standing of the company. The paper briefly touches upon the current standing of the group.Starwood has a large number of hotels worldwide naming a few: St. Regis, The Luxury Collection, Westin, Sheraton, Le Meridien, Aloft, Four Points, W, and Element. As of 31st December 2007, Starwood group’s portfolio included a total of 897 Hotels with 275,000 rooms across 100 countries that primarily cater to the upscale markets of the lodging industry. The company employs about 145,000 people and has its head quarters in White Plains, New York. Starwood has created a brand name for itself worldwide and has been able to gain a high number of loyal customers. The group has provided good service to customers and has received a number of positive feedbacks from the customers. The popularity of the group is seen clearly by its ranking in the Worldwide Top 10 hotels. Starwood has over 897 hotels worldwide which show the large operational scale. Starwood has grown by 3.0% in one year and this shows how rapidly the company is expanding and now has almost half the number of rooms as its biggest competitor. The main assets of a hotel are the properties owned by it. Starwood has ensured to get very distinct properties and has built the hotels in locations that are very sophisticated.

Is the capacity to acquire language also available for acquiring an Term Paper

Is the capacity to acquire language also available for acquiring an additional language - Term Paper Example It is more effective in children due to the concept of tabula rasa that portrays the brain as an empty slate of content which can be educated accordingly. Linguistic ability develops uniquely in every child depending on the real circumstances of the situation. It is implied by a number of argumentative theories that putting in place certain considerations such as innateness of a person to language and the extent to which it upholds. Second language acquisition theories Second language acquisition involves a number of ideas both from the theories of nativism by Noam Chomsky to conflicting notions against it. These theories, woven into one aspect of secondary language acquisition, explain need for education in acquiring a second language. It emphasizes that language cannot be achieved without further tutelage. The nativists argue that acquisition of a language is determined by inherent factors of human ability to learn language. These skills are ‘programed’ and well-struct ured in the minds of human beings before they are born. It implies that we can learn language entirely by ourselves after birth and express ourselves. However, linguistic knowledge requires communion for expression to be meaningful and for communication to be achieved. Need for such supportive factors as other people to converse with in a language beckons ideas of second language acquisition. It requires further that individuals be informed more and educated on language. These factors revolve around a built in ability that human beings gain before birth and that pre-disposes us to language acquisition. Noam Chomsky proposed that this language is achieved by a genetic provision. Every human being therefore is born with an LAD language acquisition device that provides them with knowledge of a language. It is therefore possible for children, according to Noam’s theory, to acquire their native language with ease and without any training. He argues further that second language can be adapted with no difficulty through the same LAD mechanism.The LAD disregards the language to be deciphered and provides comprehension despite the tongue being adapted whether it is English, Chinese or any other known dialect. LAD aids their comprehension and pragmatic interpretation of words they have not heard before. The human capacity to acquire linguistic knowledge as per Noam Chomsky is fervently countered by other theories of acquisition. Such theories emphasize that while an infant’s mind may possess leaning abilities; such ability is developed from the period before its birth by development of its auditoria system. This development allows the child to learn language while they are still unborn. Its brain is therefore as an empty slate in the process of formation that learns and unlearns matters. The brain is dependent on training in order to learn any language and does not depend on a natural device to gain linguistic wisdom. Such arguments persist that Noamâ€⠄¢s nativism is not necessarily wrong but it is obscured by vagueness and assumptions. Thus, the human mind indeed has learning potential but no actual content in it. Any linguistic content or skill obtained is learned in the womb as soon as hearing features begin to develop. The infant is trained by its mother’s own voice and that of the people around him in the period of gestation. Moreover, ability acquired in the womb is barely language itself but hearing skills

Design a Marketing Metrics system for a commercial organisation of the Essay

Design a Marketing Metrics system for a commercial organisation of the group's choice - Essay Example The authors have aptly summarized the difference between yesteryears and the current day marketing where it has become a science rather than an art. Art and skills are definitely required but the scientific factor is a much needed factor. Here comes the metrics portion of the marketing activity. â€Å"A metric is a measuring system that quantifies a trend, dynamic, or characteristic. In virtually all disciplines, practitioners use metrics to explain phenomena, diagnose causes, share findings, and project the results of future events† (Farris et al., 2006). The executive summary gives a comprehensive and compact picture of the importance of Marketing Metrics in today’s business world. If the marketers are unable to quantify their projections they would not even know what they are looking forward and then all planning and marketing activity becomes vague. By quantifying it is meant that marketing requires numbers like percentage of customers requiring their products, judg e the change in market conditions, explain customer habits and purchase trends. All the quantitative measures can be put in the form of metrics which will define the future course of marketing activity in an organization. This marketing metrics is being done for Coca Cola who needs no introduction in the beverage market where they have a huge presence for decades. Even though Coca Cola has established its brand over the years but still it requires a dynamic marketing team to work round the clock to ensure that it reaches out to its customers in a market which is volatile and can change in a matter of no time. Therefore marketing metrics is required to constantly analyze the changes in trend, the purchasing habitat of people, customer tastes, and inclination to reward systems or accumulation of points on coca cola consumption. The report also emphasizes the background of the company, its non financial resources and its financial resources. The non financial resources include market s hare, customer relationship management, awareness, competitor analysis, product lifecycle and customer satisfaction. The financial resources include Sales and Revenue as well as the Return on Investment (ROI). A lot of planned marketing metrics is done by Coca Cola Company so that it can stay competitive in the market. Marketing metrics involves quantitative analysis based on which important business judgments are made and the marketing managers needs to be spot on and accurate in this analysis to use it to the good effect of the organization as a whole. Introduction Marketing metrics is a complex phenomenon and corporate like Coca Cola needs a range of metric to come to a definite and logical analysis. To achieve the marketing metrics a range of parameters and phenomenon needs to be derived and appropriate data input and analysis needs to be done. Customer satisfaction survey is one of the key input areas where customers quantify their satisfaction level. Similarly trend analysis i s done with customer survey which gives an insight to the company as to the market trends and habits of the consumers. This section gives a comprehensive insight into the method and manner of producing a marketing metric which would serve the purpose of getting quality and quantitative information of the market situation which will enable the marketing department to come to marketing decisions based on analysis. â€Å"The challenge, of course is knowing what to measure and exactly how to measure it. That is where Marketing

Final project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final project - Assignment Example A proper analysis will provide an efficient project plan that provides well for, the work breakdown structure, methodology, work packages and the estimated time required to complete the project at hand. Risk plan for the whole project will also be designed and implemented for the foreseen risks that could hamper the successful delivery of the project. Unmitigated risks in the construction industry have cost significant loss of property and life. The financial loss can be in terms of delay and over expenditure. Some of the serious risks that must have a proper management plan include design changes, cost overrun, project process approval, safety and the conditions of the sites among others. The project will be divided into three major activities namely preparation, lifting and reinforcing the building. The preparation will involve the following activities i.e. plans and permits, assembly of machines, cleaning of the soil, temporal removal of ducts, removal of the floor, removal of the walls, installation of ducts system back, and supplying of heat to restore warmth. During these activities, the residents will not be required to vacate their houses but there will be temporal disruption of their normal services. This phase will take an estimated 27 days. The lifting phase will include the following activities, assembly of the machinery, removing of the porch, installation of the jacks, lifting of the building and finally, transfer of the soil to another place This phase will take an estimated 6 days to complete. The final phase will include activities such as additional excavation, foundation replacement, lowering of the building, framing, refitting of the furnace, and finishing. This phase will take 11 days to finish. Figure 2.0 shows the relationship between the activities projected to finish the project. The diagram also outlines the resources assigned to each activity and the flow in which the activities will be carried out.

Portfolio Brief (product chosen is the new X-Box 360) Essay

Portfolio Brief (product chosen is the new X-Box 360) - Essay Example onale – to capture the mind share (if not effect sales right away) of the maximum population, before Sony’s next Playstation hits the stores later in 2006. The promotional strategy largely focused on the integration of the new gaming console with other media – X-BOX 360 can play music from your CDs, iPod or your PC. You can watch movies, TV or Video through it. It integrates with all digital cameras so you can view pictures and slide shows. And of course – it lets you play your choice of games. (Darren Waters, 2005) With this product, Microsoft has suddenly short-circuited the life of current generation of gaming hardware – by launching its X-BOX 360, it has ushered in a new era of entertainment. The X-BOX 360 is all set to provide a media hub as opposed to pure gaming. Microsoft’s website, TV and print ads, as well as the PR speeches by company officials, are all directed towards highlighting the multi-tasking aspect of X-BOX 360. The promotional activities are targeted towards a rational positioning of the product – as a complete home entertainment system. (Microsoft’s website). While reaching out to a majority of early and new starters, this approach might not appeal to the hard-core gamers, especially since there are still numerous OS glitches and hardware breakdowns reported by those who have made the purchase. (Peter Cohen, 2005) With 1.5 million units of its next-generation video game console already sold in the December quarter, Microsoft now expects to sell 2.5 million by February end. (Todd Bishop, 2006). The market looks receptive and Microsoft’s promotional stance has apparently paid off. However, the marketing communication efforts were not complemented by delivery and supply, thus leading to some discontent and aversion towards the company if not the product. The following pages will present the description and analysis of the Promotional Activities undertaken by Microsoft, the effectiveness of the efforts, and the impact that

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business Essay - 3

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business - Essay Example Indeed, it is the global market leader in various pharmaceutical fields especially in hormonal contraception and crop protection (Bayer, 2010). Bayer is among the few multinational enterprises that have diversified their pharmaceutical production business with other ventures. The company has been under pressure from its investors to follow the example of ICI that divested its pharmaceutical arm Zeneca, in bid to strengthen the company’s drug business and free it from the cyclical nature of Bayer’s other chemical businesses (Rugman, 2005, P.128). The Bayer group is managed through holding of four product-oriented companies - Bayer healthcare, Bayer chemicals, Bayer crop science and three service industries (Bayer Technology Services, Bayer Business Services and Bayer Industry Services), with each company being managed independently in efforts to improve individual primary competencies (Rugman, 2005, P.129). Bayer Group business units are mainly concerned with researching the possible market demands, embarking on marketing campaigns, and taking the required product to the market, with most units concentrating on a single business of the Bayer businesses. Its FSAs includes the drugs in pre-clinical trials, R&D labs, and the patented products (Bayer, 2010). Challenges and legal barriers Bayer pharmaceutical companies face many challenges in the global market especially from generic drugs companies, thus Bayer is among the strong global advocate against generic-drug and will go to any high length to delay the introduction of the lower priced generic drugs to the market. These challenges includes: first, there are global campaigns to push domestic companies to excel internationally, leading to changes in patent legislation that might affect the length of life of the patented products FSA or the benefits that Bayer may accrue as a result of that FSA (Rugman, 2005, P.129). Secondly, the generic brand companies infringe its patent right; for example, in Oc tober 2001, the generic manufacturer Apotex, accepted an order from the Canadian government to supply Cipro, an anthrax fighting drug in violation of Bayer’s rights (Rugman, 2005, P.129). Additionally, â€Å"an Indian court on 9 February 2010 declined Bayer’s latest attempt to introduce new measures to prevent generic competition in India; Bayer was trying to install a new barrier to generic competition by delaying the approval process that generic drugs are subject to following in order to be sold in India; by delaying the registration until after patent expiry would have prevented timely entry of new competitors, and extend the monopoly of the sole patent-holding manufacturer† (MSF, 2010). This scenario has been witnessed in other countries such as Thailand. Bayer’s argument was based on well-recognized international trade convection of TRIPS-Plus patent rules. These are rules â€Å"that are intended to broaden the scope and prolong the period of monop oly while still maintaining the high prices of the patents holders by offering the patent holders exclusive rights to the market without any introduction of generic drugs to the new market until their patent expires† (Melendez-Ortiz & Roffe, 2009, P.164). Lastly, generic-drugs offer unfair competition to the patented drug since they are produced cheaply and are lowly priced thus offering hyper competition in the global mar

Philosophy of Art Essay Example for Free

Philosophy of Art Essay Introduction This paper attempts to establish what practitioners of philosophy can learn from practitioners of Art. In doing so, the paper first looks into art and philosophy so as to offer a clear understanding of the subjects, before turning into the main theme. What is Art?   Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though the above question appears simple, it is interesting and can, and is answered by reverting to the philosophy of art. In addition, art embraces descriptions of beauty, taste, symbolism as well as representation. Philosophy of art also explores the association existing between the individual artist (ideas), and the bigger congregation (audiences, culture, and universe) (Carroll N, 1998). That being the case, what does philosophy of art tell us about art? Some versions assert that art is a creative activity, expression or process of humans. According to Leo Tolstoy ‘Art is that human activity which consists in one human consciously conveying to others, by certain external signs, the feelings he has experienced and in others being affected by those feelings and also experiencing them.’ (Carroll N, 1998). On the other hand, when something is done perfectly or acquainted by study and practice; it is referred to as an art (Carroll N, 1998). For instance, driving a car, dressing in a nice dress, laying a child to sleep or even the art of conversion. In essence, art includes objects developed by humans that have aesthetic value or present symbolic meaning encompassing drawings, paintings as well as sculpture. Thus from the above observations, art can be said to be a symbolic representation of peoples association with nature (reality/environments). It is able to offer the concealed relations between things. It is beauty, it is truth. However, what does truth and beauty imply? This is where philosophy comes in as philosophy is the art of establishing the truth such that this truth is applied to life. In the same manner, art can be based on established truth that express the wonder and beauty of a relationship to the universe as it is acknowledged in the works of Marcel Proust and Henry Mattisse (Diffey T, 1995). ‘Art is a selective recreation of reality according to an artist’s metaphysical value judgments. An artist recreates those aspects of reality which represent his fundamental view of man’s natures.’   Ã‚  (Marcell Proust)( Diffey T, 1995), while Henry Mattisse writes ‘when we speak of nature, it is wrong to forget that we are ourselves a part of nature. We ought to view ourselves with the same curiosity and openness with which we study a tree, the sky or a thought because we too are linked to the entire universe (Diffey T, 1995).’ The different forms of art are visual arts which involve aspects such as painting, photography and sculpture among others, and fine arts which embrace music, dance, theatre, literature, poetry, etc. What is philosophy? As William Thomas points out, ‘Philosophy studies the fundamental nature of existence of man and man’s relationship to existence†¦in the realm of cognition, the special sciences are the trees but philosophy is the soil which makes the forest possible’ (Bender J, 1993). A philosophy is an all inclusive organization of ideas concerning human nature as well as the nature of the truth we live in. it is a guide of living since the subjects it deals with are crucial and enveloping, establishing the course we take in life and how we treat other people. Among the most important field that philosopher’s deal with fall into a number of separate fields. Among them, the most imperatives ones are; metaphysics which deals with the theory of reality, epistemology that connotes the theory of knowledge, ethics which is theory of moral values, politics which is theory of legal rights and government and aesthetics which refers to theory of nature of art (Carroll N, 1998). The vehicle for philosophical guidance is religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism as well as Islam. Religions vary from philosophers not in the issues they deal with but in the ways they employ to address them. Religions are based on mythic stories that existed earlier before discovery of unequivocally cogent methods of inquiry (Bender J, 1993). The present day religion (majority of) appeal to mystical faith as well as revelation sort of belief that claim legitimacy independent of logic, and the scientific method, at least made for the biggest subjects. However, majority of religions are in their commencement pre-rational as opposed to anti-rational, a story teller’s account of philosophic issues as opposed to scientists (Bender J, 1993). Philosophy in Greek connotes ‘love of wisdom’. Philosophy is founded on rational arguments and appeal to facts (Bender J, 1993). Modern science history began with philosophical enquiries and the scientific method of research and proof is an aspect of the general approach that a philosopher attempts to bring to a question; one that is coherent and vigorous. Philosophy is known to offer deep and wide questions presently. Dealing with the issues in each branch of philosophy calls for integration of everything one knows concerning reality (metaphysics) or humanity (epistemology, ethics, politics and aesthetics) recommending reasonable inclination in philosophy therefore is not a simple job. Frankly, philosophers more often than not disagree about principle subject; some slipping their own positions in the mix as well (Diffey T, 1995). Thus, there is no particular philosophy world wide as is the case with physics, chemistry among other disciplines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Having clearly distinguished the two disciplines, then we can embark on the issue of what a philosopher can learn from an artist. This calls us to explore the subfield of philosophy. It relates to nature of art, in addition to performing of arts as well as painting, sculpture and literature (Diffey T, 1995). Major concerns in aesthetic comprise of how artistic creations should be construed as well as assessed and how the arts are linked to one another, to natural beauty, morality, religious science as well as other crucial aspects of human life. The association between art and epistemology has been everlastingly tenuous and burdened with a lot of arguments (Diffey T, 1995). It is acknowledged that there is something meaningful from experiences as well as interactions with works of arts. However, it is not considered as obvious that whether or not the experiences one has with art can produce propositional understanding that is represented by true vindicated belief (Diffey T, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whereas engaging objects aesthetically is both insightness and emotionally burdening practice, it is also essentially cognitive. Therefore, it can be said that aesthetic engagement is based on various epistemological concerns (Carroll N, 1998). For instance, philosophers claim to know about art. People say that they believed the play was good or bad, but the emotions it produced were called for, justified, manipulative or suitable. In most cases, people allege that they learn from art, that art alters their view of the world and that art has influence on the way they view as well as make sense of the world (Carroll N, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It also widely acknowledged that works of arts particularly good works of art, can cause view points about the world and can in turn offer knowledge concerning the world (Carroll N, 1998). However, what can exactly be known about art? Does art have any sort of propositional content that resembles the context that philosophers claim to require for other sort of knowledge claim?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The subject of whether philosophers have something to learn from artists revolves back to the period of Plato. Plato warned about the perils of making a fuss of mimetic as well as narrative demonstrations of the world and human actions. A practitioner of philosophy by his engagement with art permits certain emotions or activities that are able to facilitate or produce knowledge. It should be acknowledged that some aspects of art work that are able to produce greater understanding of the surrounding world (Carroll N, 1998).   In this case, art becomes a source of insight as well as awareness, even though it cannot be put into propositional language.   It can help people (philosophy practitioners) see the world in a new or different way (Carroll N, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They are often those who view art as being incapable of offering knowledge primarily because it does not generate any truth; they argue that since art cannot offer facts or produce arguments then there is nothing to learn from it (Diffey T, 1995).   They further argue that art cannot be acknowledged as a source of knowledge as it is not productive of knowledge, construed in the convectional sense of vindictive true belief. They assert that art is devoid of propositional content capable of being learnt the conventional way, whereas it has influences that promote knowledge and that can promote or weaken the development of understanding. Thus the net effect is to reject art as a source of knowledge as it does not offer true beliefs and furthermore because it does not as well as cannot vindicate the views that it does express (Diffey T, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, those who are for and those against concur that art is a source of knowledge, the only way that it can probably satisfy such a function be it that knowledge neglected something crucial to art’s nature as well as value (Diffey T, 1995). Plato articulates that it is possible for an artist to make a representation of a thing without having advance knowledge of his presentation.   For instance, painters represent cobblers when the painters have no idea how to make shoes, and poets write about virtue such as beauty and courage without any clear knowledge of these attributes (Carroll N, 1998). To Plato, it is only philosophers and moreover, those who struggle to intuit (feel) the forms and employ abstract reasoning are able to have know-how of these virtues.   To him, the same things exist even for the literary arts in particular.   He asserts that the more one engages in emotions brought about by representations, the more likely one is to suffer the influences of an unstable soul and finally the growth of bad attitude (Carroll N, 1998). Aristotle seems to have agreed with Plato that art influences the development of one’s moral character.   These two philosophers believed that people learn from art, however, Plato argued that the gained knowledge was harmful while Aristotle argued that it was beneficial (Carroll N, 1998). Going back to the period of renaissance and beyond it should be noted that the works of art such as poetry and fiction engages the emotions of a philosopher in a healthy way rather as opposed to detrimental manner (Bender J, 1993).   Some philosophers point out that there are there crucial types of knowledge claims that can be made concerning arts which are distinguished by objects. The first is what philosophers claim to know or believe concerning the art object itself and anything unreal or fictional worlds might be linked to that object. The second aspect of knowledge claim about art relates to what is known or believed to be appropriate emotional reaction to the art work. It is crucial to note at this point that works of art are correct, understood through having a certain kind of emotional response to them (Bender J, 1993). The only problem encountered in this course is that it is not possible to establish the kind of response that is appropriate in relation to a particular work of art (Bender J, 1993). The last kind of knowledge claim that is available as far as art is concerned relates to the nature of information art can offer about the whole world (Bender J, 1993). It is important to note that art affords imperative insight into the way philosophers order and understand the world. Art gives a certain degree of meaning to the lives of philosophers. Art, particularly literature, draws out novel views (beliefs) as well as new knowledge concerning the world (Bender J, 1993). Conclusion From the above, it is noteworthy that philosophy practitioners have a lot to learn from practitioners of art. It is important to acknowledge what constitutes knowledge so as to be able to understand how art impacts the subject. Reference Bender, John (1993).   â€Å"Art as a Source of Knowledge: Linking Analytic Aesthetics and Epistemology.† In Contemporary Philosophy of Art, ed. John Bender and Gene Blocker. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Carroll, Noel (1998). â€Å"Art, Narrative, and Moral Understanding.† In Aesthetics and Ethics: Essays at the Intersection, ed. Jerrold Levinson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Diffey, T .J (1995): â€Å"What Can We Learn From Art?† Australasian Journal of Philosophy 73 202-11.

Blue Crab Report Essay Example for Free

Blue Crab Report Essay The blue crab is named because of its sapphire – tinted claws. Its shell, orcarapace , is actually a mottled brownish color. Their scientific name, Callinectes sapidus, means â€Å"savory beautiful swimmer. † Large males can reach 9 inches in shell width. Crab claws are various shades of blue and mature females have red highlights on the tips of their pincers. These bottom-dwelling creatures have a prickly disposition and are quick to use their sharp front pinchers. Crabs can regrow pinchers or legs lost while fighting or protecting themselves. They feed on almost anything they can get hold of , including mussels, snails, fish, planets, and even smaller blue crabs. Blue crabs are also excellent swimmers, with hind appendages shaped like paddles. Blue crabs are found in brackish coastal lagoons and estuaries from Nova Scotia, through the salty waters of the Gulf of Mexico, Chesapeake Bay, and as far south as Uruguay. The blue crabs burrow in soft mud or hide in sea grass to lie in wait for prey or avoid predators. The blue crab migration pattern is closely connected to its lifecycle and really begins when the crabs mate and the female crabs release their eggs. It is hard to believe that female blue crabs mate only once in their lives and a males mate often. At 12 to 18 months, blue crabs have reached sexual maturity. Sexes can be identified by the abdominal flap or apron. In the male it is shaped like an inverted T, but in the female it is broader. Perhaps only one or two crabs survive to become adults. Blue crabs can live up to three years. Prized by humans for their sweet, tender, meat, these wide ranging, ten legged crustaceans are among the most heavily harvested creatures on the planet. Crabs are prepared and eaten as a dish in several different ways all over the world.

Horror Women Clover

Horror Women Clover How has the role of women in horror films changed? Using Carol Clover, ‘Theory of Final Girl to analyse 1 scene from ‘The Hitcher, the changing roles of women in horror films will be explored. Traditionally horror films have seen women take on the role of the victim. More recently this has changed whereby the  women has taken on a more powerful and dominant position. ‘Carol Clover a professor of film wrote a book called ‘Men, Women and Chainsaw: gender and the modern horror film which focused on women. She developed a theory, which changed the way gender is looked upon in horror films. In a lot of ‘slasher films the women are represented as victims although what interested me is how the womens role has changed in recent years to what ‘Carol Clover claimed to be the ‘final girl. Women have been subject to different representations throughout time, within the horror genre; of which female audience consider being a sexist image. I will be exploring how women are represented in the films mentioned, analysing the scenes and comparing this to Carol Clover, and how the roles of women have changed through time. To do this I will look at ‘The Hitcher a 2007 remake (Michael Bay production) (Director Dave Meyer) which presents a clear representation of the ‘final girl. Grace Andrews (Sophia Bush) and Jim Halsey (Zachary Knighton) decide to hit the road for spring break. However the film turns from a chick flick to the two of them fighting for their lives and trying to save others. The 1986 original is some what different from the remake where there is no final girl and the boyfriend is the only survivor. Dave Meyers wanted to create ‘female empowerment which is an added twist to the remake. Female empowerment is also demonstrated in a film series called ‘Saw. Directed by James Wan, the plot revolves around ‘Jigsaw Killer who kidnaps his victims, put them in traps and gives them a chance to repent from their previous lifestyle in which they took for granted. One victim from Saw named ‘Amanda Young (Shawnee Smith) survives the trap and becomes ‘Jigsaw Killer partner. ‘Amanda is a heroin addict which she started while in prison. She is ‘Jigsaws only known survivor and believes it has made her a better person. This film clearly displays the female role changing from victim to survivor although this film goes against the theory of Carol Clover, in terms that ‘Amanda becomes a murderer. Women throughout horror film history have been stereotyped to victimisation and the focus of brutal murder. History has seen change from women not being able to vote to having basic human rights and a high status in society. Feminists have come along way to changing this stereotype, this being, able to direct films and having the chance to control a piece of media which affects the way people (women) are perceived by an audience. (Bridget (1999) â€Å"Without feminism there would have been no final girl or avenging women†. This quote shows that even though films such as ‘The Hitcher or ‘Scream were not writen, directed or produced by women, feminism has come a long way where women have more power in soceity and is being portrayed in films just as Dave Meyers wanted to create. This is to do with social change. According to film maker magazine blog, women are now attending the cinema to watch horror films more and are exceeding male figures. Carol Clover questioned who the audience identifies them with. It is assumed that the male identifies with murderer who is usually male. Many argue that men in the audience are sexually aroused by the victimisation of the female. This is caused by the camera angles and lighting. Murder of the female if shot from the mens point of view ‘Gaze Shot (masculine voyeur vs feminine victim). Carol Clover argues that the audience identifies with ‘final girl, and that the viewer (male or female) identifies with the fright of being attacked rather than the satisfaction of the murderer as he attacks. The final girl remains ‘virginal and ‘pure while her friends do the opposite. She escapes because she does not partake in adult hood such as drugs, and sexual intercourse. The final girl fights back and is the damsel in distress. The unempowered woman makes a movement to power over men. In order to compare Carol Clovers theory to ‘The Hitcher I shall look at 2 scenes from The Hitcher. The first scene opens and the viewer sees Grace (Sophie Bush) and Jim (Zachary Knighton) walk to a motel. There, they take a shower together and Jim steps out of the room to make a phone call, telling her that he will be gone for 15 minutes. Hes gone for several hours and Grace falls asleep watching a Hitchcock film. She is then awakened by someone in the bed who is feeling her up. She assumes it is Jim but then sees that it is Ryder (Sean Bean) trying to rape her. She tries to push him away, but Ryder gets on top of her. We see his hand over her mouth trying to stop her screaming. The camera shot is high angle which is used to make her look vulnerable and powerless. We see her bite Ryder hand and he hits her. The shot is then focused from Grace Eyes also known as point of view shot. When the low angle shot is used it emphasises the power and strength that Ryder has being on top of her. Throughout the scene a master shot is applied whereby the director cut from Ryder to Grace and back to Ryder throughout most of the scene. This showed the reaction of the two characters and established a clear spatial (space) and temporal (time) relationship. The audience then sees Grace grab the phone on the side table, of which she then hits him over the head and tries to get off the bed. Grace hits him over the head with the lamp she picks up from the floor and runs to the bathroom. Grace is trying to shut the door and the camera is focused mainly on her. Here a Close up is used. This is to draw the viewer/audience closer and involve them in what is happening. The close up shot also enables the audience to observe the reactions of Ryder and the emotions of Grace. There are two sorts of lighting being displayed in the scene; these are artificial and key light. The artificial lighting is low key to create a slight shadow on Ryder to make him seem dark and mysterious just as his character is portrayed throughout the film. The key lighting was needed as the scene was shot in the bathroom where there is no natural light available. Grace manages to close the door as she reaches for a gun and Ryder walks out of the room. She then makes her way to find Jim who she sees tied up between two trucks of which is stretching Jim every time Ryder accelerates. Throughout the whole of the last scene you see her fight for her life and she survives but she becomes extremely weak in this next scene when Jims life is on the line. Ryder keeps hitting the gas, brutally hurting Jim and tells Grace to get in and close the door. Grace begs and pleas with Ryder to stop and begins to cry but asks him questions such as what do you want and calls him sick. Her character changes from being strong to being very weak. Ryder says he cant stop and he wants to die. Here the theory of Carol Clover audience identification takes place. The close up shot enables the audience to identify with him or her and clearly the director wanted the scene to be focused on the audience identifying with the female. When focusing on editing of the scene there is a lot of cuts from Grace to Ryder and a two shot in between, this is often used when two people are in conversation. When counting the cut shots, when focused on Ryder they add up to less than 30 while the shots focused on Grace are over 30. The cops show up and see Grace with Ryder at gunpoint. They tell her to drop the gun, but Ryder tells Grace not to listen to them. Ryder then tells her to point the gun between his eyes. Grace cant do it so Ryder does it for her. Ryder then tells her to shoot him, but she cant, puts the gun down and says for Ryder not to hurt Jim. Grace shows a sign of femininity whereby she becomes very emotional and shows how much she cares for Jim Throughout the scene the audience can hear Jim moaning and groaning in agony. Ryder then gets impatient and snatches the gun out of her hands. He then mutters under his breath, Useless waste. There is a FX sound effect where the audience can hear a ‘splat where the blood explodes outwards to make the audience feel as thought they are the experiencing what has just happened to the victim (Jim). Although there is more to this than blood and emotion that makes the scene work, if she shoots him the foot will come off the brake and he will die and if she doesnt he puts his foot on the accelerator and Jim will die. Its a no win situation making you wonder what will be her decision. At the end of the film Grace does shoot and kill Ryder. Before hand Ryder smiles and asks Grace if it feels good. Grace tells him she doesnt feel a thing shoots him and walks away. The analysis has made the theory of Carol Clover more clear in terms of audience identification. Who does the audience identify with and why, are questions Clover asked when watching the slasher films. According to her theory, Carol said that audience identification was down to gender fluidity whereby the male killer was sexually repressed and therefore the male viewer could not identify themselves with them. For example: films such as Halloween, Psycho and Nightmare on Elmstreet, all the killers are sexually repressed and having something wrong mentally. Freddy Kruger (Nightmare on Elmstreet) was the result of him being brutally raped, and ‘Halloween was in response to his sister indulging in adulthood. However Ryder is not sexually repressed. Here her theory does not work. I believe that the camera shots and cuts affect who the audience is ‘forced to identify with. The audience (male) was being made to identify themselves with the female (Grace). Whereby there were more cuts of her, the audience had no choice but to see her emotion and hear her plea. At times Grace was isolated and alone making the audience only identify with the character they are being shown. I also feel as though the male audience identifies with Grace rather than Ryder because he lacks masculinity and deep down is weak as I will explain. Many times Ryder says he wants to die and for them to kill him as he cant do it himself. He makes Grace strong enough to kill him by killing others. However its always a no win situation. It is as if he doesnt want to die alone and is scared. The analysis above demonstrates a no win situation. Eric Red (director is ‘Hitcher 1986) talks about the film in 1986 and states that, â€Å"Because of the hell living inside his skin, John Ryder wants to die. But he wants to make Jim Halsey strong enough to kill him and he does.† (Eric Red Interview) In the 2007 remake, Grace is made strong enough to do this. There is a connection between her and the killer just like there was a connection between Jim and Ryder in the original Eric Red says, â€Å"I really think that this strange psychological connection between The Hitcher and the Kid, the irony that something of value is passed from this horrific guy Ryder to Halsey, strength to persevere in a nightmarish world† (Eric Red Interview) Looking closely at the film, it has made me has made me think about the narrative structure and that although the target victim in cab scene was not a girl; Ryder used Jim to get to Grace. Ryder was making Grace even more vulnerable and weak by taking away the man (protector) of her. She proved her weakness by not shooting Ryder and letting her boyfriend (Jim) die. This causes the narrative to move on and have Grace as Ryders last victim and for her to be the avenging women/ final girl. The audience does not need to know the killer past, but here the killer is trying to pass what he does and what he feels onto someone else so they can kill as well. This also happens in Saw. Amanda takes on the role of Jigsaw. Ryder many times says he wants to die and for them to kill him, but its always a no win situation. It is as if he doesnt want to die alone. For example the analysis shown above demonstrates a no win situation. Moving on, Clover argued that the final girl fights back just as Grace is doing. Grace is the one who sees everyone die. â€Å"Final Girl is chased cornered, wounded; whom we see scream, stager, and fall, rise, and scream again. She alone looks death in the face, but she alone also finds the strength either to stay with the killer long enough to be rescued (ending A) or to kill him herself (ending B)†. (Screams Of Terror) The two different endings are due to the evolution of feminist movement in film. If we look back at one of the first Final Girl films such as in Psycho, Lila figures out the unknown and when Bates attacks her, she is not given the chance to fight back as she is almost immediately rescued. This is ending A. Halloween, Laurie, was the first final girl to fight back (Ending B). Hitcher has ending B whereby the female (Grace) has empowerment to kill Ryder and to be just as strong as a male. This is where gender fluidity of the final girl plays its part. This enables the final girl to be identified by the male audience. She is not too feminine but has masculine traits such as being brave, intellectual and strong. The Final Girl is the one to make it to the end of the film. However I feel as though that her theory has left out an important thought that females can be crazy and psychotic as men. ‘Urban Legend, ‘Friday the 13th and ‘May show that females can be serial killers too. I feel as though her theory is one sided. ‘Urban legend is the result of her boyfriend dying due to few girls carrying out an urban myth. The killer in ‘Friday the 13th is revealed as a middle-aged woman whose son, Jason, drowned years earlier as a consequence of negligence on the part of the camp counselors. The women in these films commit each murder as an act of revenge. However ‘May just like the male according to Clover theory is also sexually dysfunctional. ‘May doesnt understand how to react around others and this frightens people, so the only way she can keep them in her life is by killing them and keeping parts of them to make a ‘big doll. The big doll wont even leave her as a doll isnt real. Bibliography Carol Clover (1992) Men, Women and Chainsaws: Gender and the modern horror film, BFI Publishing Bridget, Cherry (1999) Refusing to look: female viewers of the horror film, Publisher The Hitcher Saw 1, 2, 3 www.best-horror-movies.com/female-serial-killer.html comm2.fsu.edu/faculty/comm./sapoisky/research/bookch/slasher.html Mass Media and Society edited by A. Wells and EA Hakanen. 1997. Greenwich, CT; Ablex Publishing www.filmmakermagazine.com/blog/2007/02/female-trouble.php Hitch with Red, Jan. 16, 2007 http://www.joblo.com/arrow/index.php?id=6449 Eric Red Interview http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1775841 Feminist Horror Film Theory Mon Jan 09 2006 http://www.screams-of-terror.com/teenie.asp screams of terror 14/2/08

How Rabbits Changed My Life :: Personal Narrative, essay about myself

I was never liked much when I was younger. I was constantly made fun of and teased unmercifully. I was looked down upon when I was in school. It was as if everything I did wasn't good enough. I didn't succeed in anything. I made bad grades in school, I was worse in sports, and as the result of that my self esteem was zero. That all began to change the day I bought my first rabbit. Raising rabbits has improved my self esteem tremendously. Having a high self esteem is one of the most important assets a person can have. Â   When I was in the second grade, we had a rabbit as a classroom pet. Fudge was a small, brown, lop-eared rabbit. He was my best friend in the school. He would never judge me by what I did, wore or said, and he loved me without condition. I was extremely sad when summertime came around that year because I was going to lose my friend. So, with a lot of begging and promises, I talked my parents into letting me get a rabbit of my own. I worked hard doing extra chores around the house to earn money to buy my rabbit. When the big day came, almost a year later, I was elated. My mom took me to go and visit a local rabbit breeder to see what animals she had for sale. Â   I immediately fell in love with a little female rabbit. Bunnita was a purebred Holland Lop, which was the same breed Fudge was. She was white with brownish-gray spots and her ears didn't really lop, but stuck out to the side of her head at a funny angle. I guess she was what most people would describe as ugly, but to me she was adorable. After getting Bunnita my mom decided to get me involved in a 4-H rabbit project and so she started a 4-H rabbit club. My brother, five other kids and myself were the first members. Â   The time came when I realized I would need to get another rabbit if I ever wanted to show. Bunnita was a wonderful pet, and I loved her, but I was beginning to learn that she left much to be desired in the showing field. My mom bought my brother and I another rabbit for Easter. April was an American Fuzzy Lop, a breed similar to a Holland Lop except it has wool instead of normal fur.

Pheromones :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Pheromones Have you ever wondered how different species know when to mate and who to mate with? How can they tell the difference between someone of the same sex, much less whether another organism is of the same species? This can be answered by chemical signals kn own as pheromones. Pheromones are unique and highly specific chemical signals produced by an organism that signals its presence to other members of the same species. Each organism have different pheromones they release during mating that helps them to id entify each other and start the process of mating. Pheromones come not only in forms of sex attractants, but also as alarm pheromones, aggregation pheromones, and dispersion pheromones(1). How do we know that such a chemical exists in organisms? In 1956, German scientists were able to identify the first ever pheromone in silkworm moths. After 20 years of research and over half a million female moths later, they were able to extract a pecu liar compound from certain glands located on the tip of the abdomen. When even a small amount of this substance was exposed to male moths, they would begin to beat their wings madly in a iflutter dancei. This indicated that they had detected the powerfu l sex attractant from the females that caused this type of behavior. After extracting extraneous matter and purifying the substance, scientists ended up with the first ever chemically pure pheromone. Since then, various other organisms have been studied and more is understood about the effects of pheromone, but not much is known about how pheromones work in more complex vertebrates such as humans. The next logical question to ask is how are these chemical signals recognized? Studies have shown that pheromone is first recognized by the chemical receptors in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and olfactory bulbs located in the nose; signals are then sent t o the hypothalamus of the brain. In an experiment conducted on virgin male mice where their VNO was removed, the mice were found to generally not mate with receptive females, even if the maleis olfactory nerves were not damaged. This showed that the VNO s are needed in order start certain chains of reactions already programmed in the brain. Further studies show that when male mice have begun to associate sexual activity with other cues from females, including smells they become less dependent on the VNO s.

Story about a Car Wreck Essay -- Personal Narrative Essays

â€Å"We have to get them out of there!† I heard voices yelling out in the distance, but was to lightheaded to know where they were coming from. Confused, shocked and fear filled my mind as I lye on my side, gasping for air, trying desperately to stagger onto my knees. A sharp pain suddenly ran up my spine into my forehead and quickly I collapsed back onto the cold damp floor inside this mangled metal coffin in which I was trapped in. Bit by bit I moved my hand closer to my forehead, trying to impede this massive throbbing that was affecting my head. I skimmed my forehead and paused my hand on a huge gash. The pain shot into my head again, but I was able to clutch on to the seat and hold my balance. There was blood pouring down the side of my face, forming a puddle on the floor. As I lifted my head up, all I could see were lights flashing and ghostly shadows moving in all directions. The blood that I had loss slowly took affect on me, feeling disoriented I plummeted to the ground hoping that this twisted metal coffin would not become my tombstone. â€Å"I don’t want to go!† I shouted at my mom. â€Å"Perry get in the car, no questions asked!†She refused to repeat herself. My mom was one of those people who had been through a lot in her life. When you stared in her eyes, instead of her backing down she would stare right back at you with 10 times the force, which literally felt like your eyeballs were being pushed right to the back of your head. She always made dinner for the family, and like any women had a little â€Å"me† time where no one could bother her as she filled her brain with useless T.V drama. â€Å"Hurry your lazy ass up† my little brother swiftly remarked before making his quick exit through the front door. â€Å"I’ am not going to hi... ... was placed over my face. Was it over? I deliberated to myself. I tried not to breathe, but in less than a second I was unconscious again. In no apparent order multiple scenes began to flash through my head. My thoughts turned to nothing, and for one minute all I saw in my mind was an everlasting black abyss accompanied by a single deafening beep. â€Å"Perry...Perry?† A soft peaceful voice echoed in my eardrum. â€Å"Good morning† A beautiful nurse awoke me. I truly thought I was in heaven. â€Å"How are you feeling their big guy?† My curiosity got the better of me â€Å"am I in heaven?† She chuckled â€Å"Of course not† she started running some tests. I slowly pushed my eyelids open, finally coming face to face with reality. â€Å"Is my mom okay?† â€Å"Yea she’s fine, you did a very brave thing back there,† she whispered to me. I whispered back, â€Å"the funny thing was†¦I never wanted to go†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 

Baudelaire, Keats and Yeats: Fantasy and Real Essay

Charles Pierre Baudelaire was said to be among the precursors of Symbolism – a movement which employed words to separate the imagination from reality, leading to the chastity of the spirit which rejected conformities. It is said to be an offshoot of Romanticism, one of the most prevalent literary movements in the early twentieth-century. In this poem, Correspondances (Correspondences), Baudelaire emphasized the concepts behind each image which is an example of synaethesia – the correspondence of the senses (EDSitement, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Keats belonged to a literary movement called Romanticism – an escape from the real world into the ideal, yet, realizes that the ideal cannot be attained. The two poles of this movement are typically reflected at the beginning and end of a poem. The Ode on a Grecian Urn by John Keats is an attempt to express inner conflicts of love and pain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Butler Yeats was among the famous early Modernists – making use of Symbolism, Romanticism and Realism. Each contributes to its allusiveness, irrationalism and separation from the traditional, respectively. The Circus Animals’ Desertion describes the absence of a poetic theme – a document of his frustration and the difference between the fantasy and reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The three poems indicated above portray of an escape from the real – the difference between the fantasy and the real. Correspondances dwell on the concept of synaestheisa – a communication among the senses. The senses receive images that Baudelaire processed into symbols. A part of synaethesia is the complementing forms of objects in Heaven and Earth. The images in this poem, Correspondances, become symbols for certain concepts that differentiate the intangibility of Heaven to Earth (Dorra, 1994).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Keats’ Ode on a Grecian Urn describes the conflict between the temporary and the permanent – of life human and immortal. It revolves around the images of the urn – the thoughts, history and emotions that picture it, and the dynamics brought about by the urn – the thoughts, history and emotions put into action and into the present. At its last stanza, Keats wrote that the urn has teased – which could mean a tease to pass through the real into the fantasy – the thought that beauty is truth and vice versa (Melani, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Butler Yeats has contrasted the real and the fantasy in the images of his circus characters in The Circus Animals’ Desertion. In his search for a poetic theme, Yeats has delved into the fantasy to create the images of circus figures to symbolize his creativity that have left him, and to which he wishes to see again. He emphasizes that his circus characters, his creativity, cause his frailty as to create is his life. In lieu to that, Yeats has yearned to create to reject the norms and the old. In the end, Yeats has succeeded in differentiating the fantasy and the real through his circus and his yearning (Cronin, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These three poets have somehow created a single theme out of different sources. Each of them has presented the subject of unreal and real, their differences and how each can be achieved. These three poets, Baudelaire, Keats and Yeats have created a whole new literary movement out of their own movements – Modernism. Modernism allowed these celebrated poets to shake the traditions of poetry and nurtured the art of poetry through its distinct picture of the fantasy and the real. References: Cronin, C. (2007). William Butler Yeats’ â€Å"The Circus Animals’ Desertion† [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 16, 2007 from http://ireland.wlu.edu/landscape/Group5/life.htm. Dorra, H. (1994). Symbolist Art [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 16, 2007 from http://www.studiocleo.com/librarie/baudelaire/critique.html. EDSitement. (2007). Charles Baudelaire: The Poet of Sickness and Evil [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 16, 2007 from http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=389. Melani. (2004). Ode on a Grecian Urn [Electronic Version]. Retrieved May 16, 2007 from http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/urn.html#general.

Automating computer usual processes Essay

Nowadays, almost all kinds of establishments are relying on computers for automating their usual processes. Most of the manual systems in offices are replaced by the automated systems which use computer technology. Moreover, computers have also diminished the total manual works and the effectiveness of employees has also increased because of the dependence of establishments on computer technology. It helps also to perform the routine business tasks much quicker compared to the manual way of doing things. Computer nowadays is no longer considered a luxury but rather a necessity with the emergence of information technology 1 â€Å"We are in the so-called information age, and every transaction at every phase of the establishments depends on modern computing.† As observed, there are already many manual systems that are being replaced by the computerized ones. Some of these are the payroll, sales and monitoring, point of sale, enrollment, grading, library, and other related systems .. Integration with the people in the society is in demand for progress. The relation field of Information Technology concerns the use of computer-based information system to convert, process, protect, share, store, transmits and retrieve information. Technologies have brought us more advances on personal computer, to build new industries and change the lifestyle of each individual. These advances became more powerful and more productive for simultaneous growth in society and industries. Using Internet is one of the medium of today’s communication, people easily connect in the current events in their community and even outside their places and acquire necessary information in just a short period of time. 2As the saying goes, â€Å"Nothing is permanent than change† so as with Information Technology. This field will continue to prosper and continue to help change lives by improving it. Although most people, especially in the Philippines still prefer the old ways or manual transactions, the future Filipino generations will eventually embrace ch ange and not only that, but also be the one to provide change through the future students and graduates that will courageously take this field. Every bit of information is now considered as a powerful tool hence it should be used and managed with the utmost caution. This mere reason prompts many establishments to produce their own system  that will protect information. The Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development (BCHRD) was established to address the existing health condition in the Bicol region. It is a coordinating system involving various institutions in the region with interest in health research. The BCHRD was created upon the partnership with Philippine National Health Research System (PNHRS), Regional Development Council (RDC) with the member institutions of : Department of Health (DOH) ,Bicol Regional and Training And Teaching Hospital(BRTTH), Commision on Higher Education (CHED) , Bicol University (BU), Catanduanes State University (CSU), University of Saint Anthony, Ago Medical and Educational Center (AMEC), Atedeo de Naga, University of Nueva Caseres, Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Aquinas Univ ersity of Legazpi (AUl), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Bicol Medical Center, Partido State University (PSU) . Universidad de Santa Isabel. The existing health condition in the region necessities the establishment of a strong health research and development (R&D) coordinating system involving various institution in the region with interest in health research. Putting them together to work on consortium arrangement will promote complementation, thereby increase the synergy despite limited resources for R&D undertakings. The Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development (BCHRD) was therefore established to address the afore mentioned concerns. The primarily goal and objective of BCHRD is to institute/strengthen the system collaboration in Bicol to develop and enhance the capacity of research institution within the region which have interest and engage in health related researches, as a strategy to improve the health condition of Bicolanos Specifically the consortium aims to : (a) Undertake and/or spearhead health related Research and Development (R&D) activities; (b) Establish a collaborative system for effective sh aring and utilization of physical, financial and manpower resources among member-institution as well encourage the active involvement of non-members that will fave the way for expanding the membership of consortium; (c) Promote an effective collaboration and harmonious working relationship between among member-institutions in the conduct of researches in health, nutrition related fields; (d) Encourage, generate and provide funds for health –related researches in accordance with the health and nutrition priority  areas/sectors indicated in the plans of the Regional Development Council (RDC) and the Philippine National Health Research System (PNHRS); (e) Develop the capability in manpower, facilities and other infrastructure for health and nutrition and other related researches; (f) Effectively promote the proper utilization of health research findings; (g) Serve as clearing house for all health related researches; (h) Establish linkages/network within and outside the region ; and (i) Institute a mechanism and implement strategies for a sustained visibility of the consortium and ensure a long-term viability of the consortium. Monitoring system is not just used in the field of industry; it has also a very significant role in improving the quality of education in the country (Philippines). Once this technological approach is implemented a full assurance that the aimed quality of educational system will be able to reach its peak of being more organized and well improved system In terms of paper works, these two types of management system can easily manage the projects through having an Proposal monitoring system. Archiving system refers to the process of moving data through an automated storage device that helps the people to access the data easily. Before, an archival record was identified with manuscripts or with written records. Years passed by, archival record refers to recorded information, specifically in paper-based transforming it to automated form method. Implementing an archiving system of records can do task of organizing, monitoring and easy generation of reports. On the other hand, all the Research proposal that are pending, denied or approve must be monitored in order to ease the different operations and functions of organizations. In this study, monitoring system for the research proposal of the institution is the most needed to work to. This system updates the current status of the research project. In addition, monitoring system has a significant role in improving the quality of the implemented projects to be able to reach its goal. Because of its function, they are having problems in a certain field. They seem to have problems in the management of projects from time to time. In addition, the increasing burden of creating and maintaining the archive of projects. Their file storage is full of projects making it a burden when finding a needed project. This study aimed to create a system for the Bicol Consortium for  Health Research and Development. It covered the storing and updating of projects that are processed in the department and al so uploading projects in the system that can be retrieved easily. Statement of objective General Objectives This study aims to develop a research proposal and monitoring management system for the Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development. Specific Objectives 1.) To create a system that will facilitate research proposal and monitor status for approval. 2.) To develop a monitoring system for all ongoing researches. 3.) To record all pending, approved and rejected proposals, and ongoing and completed research of the health proponent/researcher. 4.) To create a secure system for monitoring of research proposals and projects. 5.) To generate reports on the status of research projects and proposals. Scope of the System Check the requirements for filing a proposal Keep track of the status of the proposal Keep track of the research’s accomplishments and budgets Monitor progress of ongoing research Scope and Delimitation This study is about Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development. This will cover the checking of requirements the tracking and monitoring of the proposal. It has the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project from beginning to completion. The system records the detailed planning, proposed, on-going and finished projects in the department. Old  files were also scanned and be saved as pdf. The secretary, regional administrator, institution head and all the member of the health research were given privileged to view the system. The employees may ask the administrator of each section if they need files that were in the system. The head administrator provides admin accounts for each section head. The proposal monitoring management system has different sections for the storage of projects (proposed, on-going and finished projects) and it provided easy access to the projects’ status and tracks the finished projects that are archived. Old and new files are archived in this system. The date could only be searched, retrieved and printed. The archive could be searched by date, name etc. As for the proposal monitoring management system, it provided an automated monitoring and checking the status of ongoing research development. It has additional features, like the user is notified for the reminders of the agency; and the system is secured by providing administrator restrictions. On the other hand, the proposed system would not include other health researcher that are not member of the institutions that are part of BCHRD. The study only focused on the automation of storage of all projects that would be made and were done, monitoring its status among various sections of PDMO and provide an automated maintenance plan in monitoring, checking and repairing of items. Significance of the Study The result of the study will benefit the following: Bicol University. College of Science One of the four-fold functions of a university or any academic institution is research. This study will be another contribution to the research achievements of the university. BCHRD (Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development).This lessened the manual labor of the agency through the use of the system which operates the research projects and monitoring plans for BCHRD. Employee. The system helped the employee to do their job efficiently, properly and effectively. Students This study will serve as an educational  and reference material for their future studies and undertakings. This may also give an idea on making their own versions of the existing software, thus presenting their own modifications. Researchers. This study which is connected to the Research Proposal Monitoring and Management System will improved the researchers’ knowledge in programming skills and their sense of responsibility. Future Researchers. Students who will undertake future research projects can use this study as reference material. This will provide the future researches sufficient information with regards to system development. Definition of Terms For better understanding of the study, the following terms were defined operationally or concepltually: Research Proposal an study that request time and fund from instition Monitoring Management System the process of checking the updates and status of ongoing health research Proponent in this study the proponent is the person who is requsting or conducting health researh Storage. , this term refers to the method of storing finished and proposed projects for future use. Secure System in this study this term refers to a system that cannot be easily tamper the information that is stored. EDIT OR E-REVISE NIO Notes 1 The Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, USA: Grolier Incorporated, 1995 (accessed on May 19, 2014 9:05am) 2http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/information-technology-and-software-development/9788131760291/information-technology-basics/ch008006 (Accessed on: May 20, 2014 2:18PM) â€Å"What is Information Technology?†.

Inglourious Basterds

If you’re a fan for graphic and twisty turn war films, Inglourious Basterds just may be your movie to go to. The film has a unique â€Å"stab you in the back† feel throughout. We experience an alternative ending of World War II as the war ends in a bizarre twist compared to what actually happened. The movie uses black humor. Meaning, we sense a little humor throughout all the tense and serious scenes the characters go through. As for gore, don’t worry, we see a lot of bloody and violent scenes. The film still maintains the features that give it the war film genre so viewers looking for a war movie won’t be disappointed. The film is directed by Quentin Tarantino and features a well developed plot with an interesting cast of characters. The actors themselves are solid and do a good job keeping in character. The movie features the Basterds, a group intent on killing Nazis and only killing them. The dead are scalped while the rare survivors are allowed to escape with a Swastika carved on their foreheads. The leader of the Basterds, Lt. Aldo Raine, has a knack for carving the Swastika and believes he improves his skill after each carving he does. The Basterds receive a special mission that will allow them to assassinate several head officers of the Nazi Socialist Party, including Hitler. The film also follows the life of a Jew, Shosana, who barely escapes from being killed by the Nazis. She is fortunate to get the opportunity to get revenge on the Nazis. Several Nazi head officers, including Hitler, are coming to her cinema to watch the premiere of a Nazi film that will fuel Nazi Germany’s pride. The Basterds and Shosana have the same targets but are unaware of the other. Both are later intertwined within their own troubles and problems. Both end up in the same cinema with the same mission: to kill Hitler and his men. One problem ensues: they are not aware of each other The film is filled with various, colorful characters. First, Brad Pitt (Lt. Aldo) plays a fine leader of the Basterds with his Southern drawl and slick hair. His â€Å"no fear† attitude and witty remarks keeps a slightly less serious tone to the film. Eli Roth plays Donny Donowitz, also known as the â€Å"Bear Jew†. He puts on a quick show by beating the pulp out of Nazi heads with a baseball bat. Christoph Waltz, in my opinion, was the star of the movie despite being the villain. He plays Hans Landa the Jew Hunter and is a mastermind at finding them. Waltz shines as the film’s main villain by acting sweet and ignorant to his victims but later reveals his evil side. Also, the fact that he shows his knowledge for four different languages doesn’t hurt his brilliant side, either. Melanie Laurent (Shosana) plays her role fantastically. In the scenes after her near death experience, she puts on a fake but rather convincingly happy look, but, viewers know she is still hurting inside and her facial expressions tell us successfully. She always wears a smile, but there’s a glint of sadness in her slow movements. Hitler and Goebbels are portrayed as fools that lack leadership and intelligence. They are merely cast for humorous purposes as they are seen as silly buffoons during a meeting that discusses very important war material. The movie is supported by the right type of music. A gloomy, mellow tune fills our ears during a quiet French town scene. During introduction of certain characters, there is slightly humorous electric guitar chord that plays to maintain a metro soundtrack. Then it gets ridiculous as a tune fit for a parade fills the theater during the Nazi movie premiere massacre. The music matches the scenes perfectly at times. Whereas in times of subtle humor, the music may seem ridiculous but adds a nice humorous touch to it. Like many movies, Inglourious Basterds includes parodies and deeper meanings behind the actual storyline. The biggest part is the alternative ending to World War II in a bizarre and unimaginable way. I won’t mention the ending in order to not spoil the movie. Lt.  Aldo’s unusual interest in improving his skill in carving Swastikas on the foreheads of Nazis is oddly humorous in the twist of events he experiences. The movie also tells us a little bit of the brutality of the Nazis hunt for Jews. The Nazis were very diligent in attaining the Aryan race status they have desired by getting rid of Jews, who they see as inferior. The brutal killing of the Jew family in hiding in the first scene of the movie brings tension to the film. The movie also tells us that the war was costly and long of duration by introducing an alternate ending that ends the war sooner and with fewer casualties. Just by hearing a little about the film, we learn that the film features a group of soldiers going deep into enemy territory in order to fulfill a mission that is filled with danger in every corner. Sounds like a typical World War II movie. But, the reason why the Inglourious Basterds appeals to me is simply because it is different from the typical World War II and war movies. In most war movies, the â€Å"good† guys are portrayed as heroic and glorious people. Their goal is to defeat the enemy in order to maintain peace. However, in this film the â€Å"heroes† are rutal killers and show no mercy to their enemies, the Nazis: intent on scalping all of their victims and leaving barely any survivors. The film also mentions the use of deceit in order for the Allies to sneak through Axis officers. One humorous and different scene is when Lt. Raine attempts to sneak into the premiere with his men by pretending to be Italian. They know very little Italian and have poor accents at that. They believed they would be able to sneak past the security officer, Hans Landa, but find out Landa is, in fact, very fluent in Italian. This brings some laughs because viewers didn’t expect Landa to know so many languages (He knows English, French, and German, as well as Italian). During a scene like this, viewers expect to see the heroes to be able to sneak by. When Raine and his men are so close to blow the living life of Hitler and his officers, Landa captures them. The following scene will surprise viewers of the absurdity. From watching a little of Inglourious Basterds, I have realized that I can’t expect anything to happen because a totally aberrant event happens instead. This film goes beyond the ordinary and is a unique addition to the war film genre. Overall, the movie is different and Tarantino does a great job in portraying the war’s villains, Hitler and Goebbels as dumb idiots. The plot is filled with twists and turns and not in a cliched way. Viewers can see each other confused as to whether they should laugh or not at scenes that brings humor with a serious tone. The movie never strays away from the actual plot and Tarantino has brought upon us another great and ingenious film. The film is nowhere near â€Å"inglourious†.

English Presentation Tourism Italy Essay

Good morning to Madam Teh and fellow classmates. Today, we would like to promote an affordable rate tourism package to Italy. We have made a research on The Most Popular Countries among Malaysians and we had Italy as the rank number one. So, that is why we decided to fulfill the people’s hunger to visit Italy and offer a low rate for the tourism package. The reason for people to pick Italy as their favorite country is mostly because of the sceneries. Italy, as we know has the most beautiful historic sceneries such as the churches, museums, historic sites and operas. If you think that Paris and Italy are almost the same, well, you are wrong about that one. Italy still has its historic auras better than Paris which has modern up a little bit. Back to the main point, the package included accommodations, transports, and food. So, you don’t have to worry. We will go from places to places by our tourism bus, sleeps in a very comfortable hotel and eat lots and lots of delicious food in Italy. You will fly with Air Asia on a 12 hours 31 minutes trip and land on the Fiumicino Airport in Fiumicino which is just 35 km away from Rome. Then, we will check in to your hotel, The Potrait Suites Hotel in Rome so you can rest and unpack your belongings in your rooms. After lunch at the hotel, we will bring you to some places in Rome. The first stop is The Church of San Luigi dei Francesi. It is one of the most visited churches in Rome. The uniqueness about this church is the interior and exterior designs and the tombs of the well-known French people in Italy. Then, we will go to the Coliseum. Everybody knows The Coliseum, right? It portrays the greatest works of Roman architecture and engineering. It is also known to be as the place for gladiators contest. We will be having dinner at the neighborhood of Trastevere. The neighborhood is known for its restaurants. Furthermore, the view of Trastevere at night is very pleasant. Other than that, we are also going to take you to Venice. Venice is the second attraction in Italy which is full of palaces and churches. We have the Palazzo and Musica A Palazzo. Palazzo or more specifically known as Palazzo Venezia is a very beautiful place for you to capture some photographs for memories. The palace is magnificently eye catching. After that, we stop by the Musica A Palazzo. We will let you experience watching  an original Italian soap opera in the one and only historic place, Musica A Palazzo. Then, we head to San Rocco, the historical church known to be the grave of a priest there. At night, we will bring you to the Grand Canal where you can have a water taxi experience. The views from the taxis are very breath taking at night. So, we will spend our nights in the taxis and after that have a walk in the streets near the canal where you can shop for souvenirs. The third attraction that we would love to offer you is Florence. Florence is known for the monuments, museums and religious buildings. First, we can visit the Bargello Museum which is the Florence government building. Next, we can visit other historical museums such as Museo Galileo, the science museum. Then, we can take some photographs at the Giotto Bell Tower. After that, we can stroll at the parks and street known as Piazza. The prices that we are offering are very affordable for everyone because the package includes accommodation, transport and breakfast. There are individual, family and group packages. For the individual package, we already set the nett price as low as RM2000. As for the family package which includes 2 adults and 2 children, is only for RM6000 nett price. The group package which has to be more than 8 persons will be at very low price for just RM1000 per person. Affordable, isn’t it? So, what are you waiting for? Get your passports ready and make your reservations now. We will be waiting for you to be a part of this amazing journey. Thank you.