Mechanical Engineering- Mechanical Project Essay - 1

Mechanical Engineering- Mechanical Project - Essay Example Mongols, began utilising composite bows around 1200AD, presenting improvements on the utilisation of composites. The Mongols combined wood, bone and animal glue to create a powerful weapon, which provided them with significant military dominance during these ancient times. The modern era of composites began with the development of plastics, which contributed significantly towards increased utilisation of composite materials. The utilisation of plastics began in nearly 1900s, replacing natural resins previously utilised in composites. These plastics, however, had the weakness of lacking sufficient strength for structural requirements (Kulshreshtha and Vasile 2002). Owens Corning remains credited with the introduction of fibre glass in 1935, which ultimately solved the problem of plastics lacking sufficient strength. This invention remains the notable beginning for Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) industry. During the Second World War, demand for alternate materials increased, as they b ecame necessary in the manufacture of lightweight military aircrafts. During this period numerous advancements occurred regarding the production and application of fibre composites. Engineers discovered other advantages as these material remains transparent to radio frequencies utilised during wartime. Many fibreglass reinforced material became adopted in protecting electronic radar equipment. Following the end of the war inventors began making application for the fibreglass within other industries, other than aviation. Brandt Goldsworthy – grandfather of composites, developed numerous processes for manufacturing composites utilised in different industries. He remains accredited with development of the first fibreglass surfboard, which revolutionised surfing, and remains commonly utilised even today. This scientist invented pultrusion – the process utilised today in the manufacture of many fibreglass materials. The utilisation of composites could be identified as havin g begun maturing. During the 1970s, improvements were made; consequently producing better plastic resins (Seymour and Deanin 1987). Carbon fibre also developed during this period and has continued to replace metal as the material of choice. During the periods preceding these developments, metallic materials were highly utilised in the manufacture of many tools. Currently almost all manufactured tools have handles made from carbon fibre. As the composite industry continues to advance technologically, the 21st century has brought challenges focusing on renewable fibres and green environment. The 21st century concerns have changed the focus towards utilisation of environmentally friendly fibres based on ensuring sustainability on the industry (Johnson 2013). Under the current environmental concerns, inventions continue to occur utilising recyclable resins and bio-degradable fibres. Focus has been exclusively dedicated towards delivering environmentally friendly sustainable fibre source s. The concept of utilising composites in manufacturing various tools remains the same. Various universities and dedicated organisations continue to pursue research seeking to establish utilisation of fibres meeting the energy and environmental requirements of the 21st century. The current focus of composite development remains concerned with delivering environmentally friendly composite materials, and focuses on improving properties of

The World Trade Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The World Trade Organization - Essay Example There were a number of complains from the developing countries concerning their obligation under the last trade round and their difficulties with WTO in regard to its bargaining structure. These countries were concerned about Uruguay Round’s single undertaking, arguing that this could have acted as wheedle of reluctant countries into the consensus (WTO NEWS, 1998). This led to a split between large developed nations particularly the U.S and Europe and the large developing nations particularly India and china (Levy, 2010). This was also noted to have influenced other 153 members of the WTO in deciding which side to favor. The greatest success of the WTO process was when there was consensus at the WTO’s ministerial conference in Singapore on labor standards. Although either side had held very strong positions, later, there was a clear and strong consensus. The members were committed to adhere to labor standards. The best of it was that it was internationally agreed and that such standards should not question the comparative advantage of countries. This is an indication that WTO has been successful in multilateral approaches in social fields. WTO can be argued to be an efficient and effective system global trade. WTO has so far been able to enhance the value and quality of trade (Hoekman, et al. 2009). This should be the primary purpose of such a body. WTO has also eradicated trade and non trade barriers, broadened the trade governance scope, among many other achievements. Therefore, although some challenges comes in the process of making international trade efficient and effective, it is evident that if member states commit themselves to harmoniously work together, WTO can be a vehicle to ride on. WTO NEWS, 1998 press releases. â€Å"The Coming Challenge: Global Sustainable Development for the 21st Century†. Retrieved on 18th July 2012 from:

Audit Reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Audit Reports - Essay Example Audit Report on financial statements of an entity is normally an independent auditor's report. Internal auditors also submit reports on assessment of internal controls installed by entities voluntarily or as statutory compliances. Audit report carries the results of audit examination conducted with in a framework in shape of opinion formed by auditors on such audit examinations. Auditing opinions formed and conveyed through audit reporting may be classified into four categories, namely an unqualified opinion, a qualified opinion, adverse Opinion, and disclaimer of an opinion. Unqualified Opinion expresses that financial statements are presented in accordance with requirement of GAAP. A qualified opinion conveys that financial statements present the financial position, financial results, and cash flow of the entity of the prescribed period in accordance with GAAP except for the matter or matters on which the report is qualified. Adverse Opinion on an audit report is provided when the financial statements do not present financial position, financial results and cash flows in accordance with applicable GAAP. Reports containing adverse opinion are issued when there are material departures from applicable GAAP in the presentations of financial statements. Some time an auditor is not in a position to form an opinion on the financial statement presentations. ... Objectives of Audit Reports Audit reports are medium of communication of results and findings of an examination or audit conducted under certain established framework. Under financial audit reporting auditor is concerned with forming an opinion on the financial statements and therefore independent audit report becomes an important medium for communicating that opinion to the shareholders or to the owners of the entity. This opinion of the auditor serves a variety of objectives of the audit function undertaken voluntarily or as compliance of a legal requirement. Some of these objectives are stated as under: Audit reports coveys the misstatements or deficiencies in the compiled financial statements showing the performance for a fiscal period and financial status on a particular date of an entity. That is to say the objective of audit reporting is to bring those deficiencies to the fore for the observance of the users of financial statements and helping them in taking their investing or other decisions respecting the entity involved. Audits are undertaken to bring improvement and fairness in reporting the results of operations to the shareholders or owners of the entity. Audit report, being the final function of auditing, is a tool to highlight the areas needing specific attention of the management for the improvement so that true and fair financial statements are presented to the users of such financial statements. Audit report serves variety of management and operational objectives as well.'A variety of individuals will use audit reports for a variety of purposes. Executive management will typically use an audit report to gain an insight to the overall status of

Discuss critically the future of small business credit and its Essay

Discuss critically the future of small business credit and its regulation - Essay Example Its backed loan threshold was increased from a maximum of US $ 2 million to US $ 5 million in 2008 by President Obama to support the cause of small businesses. Small businesses have really suffered in their need to access loans especially during the recession that happened in America and that extensively affected the rest of the industrialized world between December 2007 and June 2008. This gravely interfered with the ability of small business to access credit since the recession was mainly caused by reckless lending by rogue banks mostly to the real estate industry. The loans were poorly assessed for risks involved and there were many cases of over-inflated asset prices that led to a speculative bubble which was marketed around the world. The bubble did burst and thus loan losses set in, leading to the recession. This paper explores the options left open to small businesses in a world in which credit has become decreasingly available and whether they still stand a chance of getting loans sustainably in the future. The paper also explores other channels of credit open outside the normal formal ones such as banks and government lending that may assist small businesses into the future. The viability of these alternatives is also closely examined. A small business can be defined as a privately owned and operated enterprise with relatively few employees1. According to the Small Business Investment Act of 1958, a small business in the United States consists of 500 or fewer employees. The number of employees is 50 or below in the European Union. Generally speaking, any business organization that is privately owned and has few or no branches with less than 500 workers is a small business2. Despite their small size and relatively small scale operations, the contribution of small business towards national economic development cannot be gainsaid. Small businesses provide 64% of all national employment3. This is a figure that

Paper of fact how the death penalty costs more than life in prison Essay

Paper of fact how the death penalty costs more than life in prison - Essay Example Thre had been 550 executions carried out since the reinstitution of the death penalty (Radelet and Borg 43). The death penalty is considered to be a method of deterrence, the primary reason for the argument for the death penalty in the 1970s centered on this debate. However, this has been denounced as a viable excuse for the death penalty as it is rarely considered as part of the cost/benefit internal discussion of an offender during the commission of a crime that would warrant a death penalty verdict. According to Radelet and Akers, as related in Radelet and Borg, â€Å" in a recent survey of current and former presidents of three professional associations of criminologists (the American Society of Criminology, the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, and the Law and Society Association), 85% of the experts agreed that the empirical research on deterrence has shown that the death penalty never has been, is not, and never could be superior to long prison sentences as a deterrent to criminal violence† (45). Therefore, deterrence is not a viable argument for the death penalty. The second argument for the death penalty is incapacitation. ... life in prison went on to commit a murder later on, and ironically, this figure turned out to be the same percentage of those 630 offenders who were discovered to be innocent of the crimes for which they had been originally sentenced to death (46). One way in which the death penalty provides context is in consideration of the nature of law and race relations. The statistics show that since the new laws have been put into place, the death penalty is far more likely to be put into place by an average of three to four times more often when the victim is white. There is a less bias when the offender is concerned, but more often it is within the racial nature of the victim (Radelet and Borg 48). The nature of law, unfortunately, has shown that race is a defining factor in the treatment of an offender, whether it be through their own race or through that of their victim. Because law is subjectively applied, race has an effect in the decisions of the judicial branch of government. In additi on, it has been very rare that anyone of any means has been sentenced to death, making the death sentence relative to the poverty of the offender (Geraghty 209). However, the best argument that has come into existence, one that covers a vast number of issues in regard to the use of the death penalty as a punitive measure, is that concerning the financial costs of the issue. One of the reasons that is often given, by a factor of 11%, in support of the death penalty is because there is a belief that a death sentence is cheaper than supporting a life sentence of incarceration. However, the estimates in 1988 for the overall costs of an execution were 3.2 million, with it costing a mere 600,000 for life in prison (Radelet and Borg 50). While these figures are more than likely very different 20

Legal Aspects of Nursing- Homework 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal Aspects of Nursing- Homework 5 - Essay Example The installed monitoring gadget was more accurate with the operation of the nurse and if the case was to be taken from this instant then the conspicuous and repeated discrepancy between the two records were sufficient evidence to justify the actions of the facility. As the case proceeded to the trial levels, things were bound to change(Sloan, 1993). From the confession of other nurses that the facility did not have proper policy on documentation of narcotics and most of them had equally taken invalid records, gave the nurse upper hand to verify her claim. The discrepancy realized may have been as a result of mistakes made in undertaking the manual documentation for which the facility management seemed not give much attention. Testimony of the other nurses over uncensored manual documentation painted negligence on the side of the facility and therefore they lacked concrete incriminating evidence to suspend the nurse. This means that the testimony of the other nurses turned tables agai nst the defense of the facility for suspending the nurse. The institution just realized that there had been a massive misinformation due to invalid records that must have been documented over time by most of the nurses (Sloan, 1993). The facility management therefore remained more exposed in its incompetency to make sound documentation policies which are the backbone of efficient operation of the facility and quality healthcare. The facility therefore had to address the issue of ineffective documentation policy that must have given the suspended nurse legal loophole to successfully sue it. Ruling of the case ought to have been in favor of the suspended nurse since her actions and the subsequent testimony exposed the long standing negligence of the institution as far as ethical and legal healthcare practices are concerned (Rosdahl & Kowalski,2008). The most important principle of safety to the patients in this case is to minimize error by following due instruction in terms of adminis tering the right doze of the recommended prescription. The delay of documentation that the nurses testified to have been committing presents an open case of negligence since this is a matter of law and ethics which they must have been trained on. By the standard of their qualification, the patients are under their care in the spirit of trust and failure to take up their duties appropriately like documentation makes them liable to tort of negligence (Sloan, 1993). The confession about delay of the nurses’ documentation of such crucial information put the life of the patients at risk besides giving the institution wrong information that would be costly in terms of medication stocking and medical billing on patients. This therefore amounted to services below standard of care. The action of the nurses from this case presents poor ethical standards on the part of the nurses. It is imperative that the nurses know that communicating an existing problem that pose a threat to the faci lity and the health of the patients is primary to the welfare of the society (Rosdahl & Kowalski, 2008). The institution management should also underscore the significance of free and healthy interaction with its staff so that it would be easy for them to note any anomaly in their behavior. The interest of the patient should come first since the cardinal role of the nurses is to save life and this would suffice the definition of positive ethical code

'An awareness of the impact of (national) culture on people in work Essay

'An awareness of the impact of (national) culture on people in work organisations' is important in today's world - Essay Example The paper also presents two theories of culture namely: Stadial theory and Classical social evolutionism. In the discussion and theoretical consideration, it is true that national cultural awareness has a positive impact of organizational development. National Cultural Awareness Cultural awareness is the consciousness of the way people live collectively in the nation. It further involves knowing the historical position of culture in history and how it has shaped peoples’ way of life (De, 2011). Additionally, involves taking responsibility of supporting the historical responsibility in enhancing developmental culture. Cultural consciousness and awareness is an internal drive which propels an organization to seek to understand and to tirelessly look forward to align their developmental agenda to the organizations’ goals. The past and the present make up the culture of a nation, it is imperative for organizations to know the past history of a nation to determine the effect ive beliefs and their causes. When organizations have a higher national cultural awareness, it shall not only thrive in the present market, but it shall also prepare them for great advances in the future. Organizations which succeed are those that have aligned their organizations’ culture to the national culture. ... This can be made possible by prioritizing cultural knowledge as a major factor in making arrangements for promoting their products. Culture determines peoples associations, perceptions, and it also determines self image of individuals and a nation. It therefore follows that for any organization to thrive; it has to be conscious of the way people live within some boundaries (De, 2011). The world is on the verge great changes and development thereby changing peoples’ culture. Organizations must be aware of the changes which occurs culturally to enable them to adjust properly lets they fail. Cultural position of a nation is becoming exceedingly apparent and its role in socioeconomic development is about expansion and its effect is becoming more deep and effective than before. New perspectives and situations require organizations to adjust on their packaging and marketing strategies. Many organizations fail today while a million others are thriving daily. For organizations stand i n the new situations, they have to strengthen their cultural awareness majorly on the following three thematic areas: they have to be conscious of the position and influence of culture, they have to be aware of the workability of culture, and they have to be ready to take part on cultural enhancement and development. It is important to be aware of the significant position of culture. Culture has a tendency of perseverance and it permeates the minds of citizens. Culture in a nation is like air, it is found everywhere at the same time in a nation, and it directly influences the flow of reality. It does have a profound role in social and economic progress and development through the intangible consciousness. Culture changes